The second was to surrender unconditionally. The first was to fight stubbornly until the end and refuse to surrender to the Ming Dynasty. In such a situation, the Mac dynasty could only choose one of the following three options to deal with the Chinese threat: This situation meant that the Mac dynasty faced a much more challenging task than previous regimes in preserving peace and territory.

This critical political factor pushed the Mac dynasty to be under constant threat of Chinese invasion. At that time, the intention of the Chinese army to invade Dai Viet Footnote 3 was also stimulated and intensely aroused by the constant demand for assistance from the Revival Le dynasty Footnote 4 side (Dai Viet). In addition to the geographical proximity of the two countries, many other factors affected border issues. This was no exception under the Mac dynasty. In fact, settling territorial issues was one of the most critical issues of Vietnamese-Chinese diplomatic relations. However, studies of Sino-Viet relations have traditionally focused on Chinese aggression and Vietnamese resistance or have assumed out-of-date ideas about Sinicization and the tributary system (Kathlene, 2016).

It is an extremely sensitive topic in the world and in the relationship between the two neighboring countries, Vietnam-China. 351–366) in the relationship with the Ming dynasty.įrom ancient times to the present day, border and territorial issues have been the cause of many conflicts.

As the Ming Dynasty had not officially recognized the Mac dynasty’s existence, in this period of 1527–1541, the Mac dynasty faced many difficulties and challenges and felt “vulnerable” (Womack, 2004, pp. 1527–1541 Footnote 1 was the period from when the Mac dynasty was founded (1527) until before the Ming Dynasty officially recognized the Mac dynasty through the event that Mac Thai To (reign: 1527–1529) was conferred the title of General Governor and was granted with a silver seal that engraved with the word Annam General Governor Footnote 2 in 1541.

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